After the Babylonian Exile 6th century bce , and especially from the 3rd century bce on, Jews ceased to use the name Yahweh for two reasons. The Masoretes , who from about the 6th to the 10th century worked to reproduce the original text of the Hebrew Bible, replaced the vowels of the name YHWH with the vowel signs of the Hebrew words Adonai or Elohim. Latin -speaking Christian scholars substituted the Y which does not exist in Latin with an I or a J the latter of which exists in Latin as a variant form of I. As the use of the name spread throughout medieval Europe, the initial letter J was pronounced according to the local vernacular language rather than Latin. Although Christian scholars after the Renaissance and Reformation periods used the term Jehovah for YHWH, in the 19th and 20th centuries biblical scholars again began to use the form Yahweh.
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By John Gideon Hartnett
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Creation myths abound in just about every culture that has conceived of a national deity or deities. The ancient Near East is certainly no exception. This is especially true concerning the influence that both Canaan and ancient Mesopotamia exerted on Israelite culture and the emergence of its literary traditions, including the imagery used in depicting its national deity, Yahweh. And in 2 we saw that both Mesopotamian and Canaanite creation myths depicting the creator god, Marduk and Baal respectively, forming the heavens and earth from the creative act of separating and dividing the remains of a slain primordial water serpent, had left their mark on biblical writers who sought to depict Yahweh slaying Leviathan in a similar creative effort e.
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The Creator of the Universe has a personal name. His name written in Hebrew goes back to ancient times. Here on the top left is it written in Paleo-Hebrew but in modern Hebrew it is written like this on the bottom left. The 4 letters in Hebrew are called the Tetragrammaton. This shows up also in the New Testament in the Greek language. This personal name of God was probably known long before the time of Moses.
Yahweh [a] was the national god of the kingdoms of Israel Samaria and Judah , [3] with origins reaching at least to the early Iron Age and apparently to the Late Bronze Age. From the 9th into the 6th centuries BCE the Yahwistic religion separated itself from its Canaanite heritage as Yahweh became the main god of the Kingdom of Israel Samaria and of Judah , [10] and over time the royal court and Temple in Jerusalem promoted Yahweh as the god of the entire cosmos, possessing all the positive qualities previously attributed to the other gods and goddesses. During the Second Temple period , speaking the name of Yahweh in public became regarded as taboo. He does not appear to have been a Canaanite god, although the Israelites were originally Canaanites. Israel emerges into the historical record in the last decades of the 13th century BCE, at the very end of the Late Bronze Age when the Canaanite city-state system was ending, [36] and the milieu from which Israelite religion emerged was accordingly Canaanite. This pair made up the top tier of the Canaanite pantheon; [38] the second tier was made up of their children, the "seventy sons of Athirat" a variant of the name Asherah. For Yahweh's portion is his people, Jacob his allotted heritage. The Israelites initially worshipped Yahweh alongside a variety of Canaanite gods and goddesses, including El, Asherah and Baal.
